arXiv preprints from January 1, 2026 through September 5, 2026 — 00:31:54 EST
Explaining why a specific outcome occurred, and which inputs deserve the blame or credit, is central to philosophical, scientific, and policy analysis. Existing tools split into two camps. The theory of actual causality (AC) gives principled verdicts, but only for toy-sized models, because computing them requires enumerating...
3D Foundation Models (3DFMs) such as VGGT have recently pushed the boundaries of 3D vision by predicting rich unified representations with feed-foward transformers. The scene representations learned by these models enable strong performance on multiple 3D vision tasks. In this paper, we investigate using their internal representations...
For scientific progress, we need benchmarks that test the limits of state-of-the-art models, and evaluation methods that inform us about failure cases. As models get stronger, standard benchmarks for machine translation are approaching saturation. Further, automatic translation metrics are unreliable, vulnerable to reward-hacking, and...
On-policy distillation (OPD) combines student-generated rollouts with dense token-level supervision from a teacher. Existing work has mainly studied its algorithmic behavior, leaving the role of training data unclear. We examine this role at the data-minimal limit by training on a single query. One-shot OPD keeps improving for...
Multi-agent AI science ecosystems rely on agents possessing tools that allow them to communicate, coordinate, and build on each other's work. Yet this shared infrastructure can also introduce vulnerabilities by creating a substrate for the contagious spread of unintended and undesirable behaviors. We report a case study on a research...
As edge-based deep learning applications become more complex, optimizing performance on heterogeneous System-on-Chips (SoCs) presents unique challenges. Traditional pipelining techniques distributing the computation across different on-chip processing units, while effective for throughput, do not address the latency demands posed by...
Repository-level software engineering benchmarks have significantly advanced the evaluation of coding agents, but existing benchmarks primarily measure whether generated patches pass functional tests and overlook review-derived acceptance constraints (review constraints) that often influence whether a patch is acceptable in real-world...
Research and news coverage of language-model deception increasingly attributes human-like mental-state concepts to language models. Such claims can blur the distinction between behavior that looks deceptive and a mechanism that is actually deceptive. We introduce a causal taxonomy separating prior commitment from retrospective...
We study tournaments with managerial discretion in hiring. A manager selects a coworker from a pool of candidates and then competes against him in a Lazear--Rosen--style tournament with a prize equal to a share of total output. A profit-maximizing principal sets the prize share together with a head start (or handicap)---an advantage...
I provide the first analytic construction of a canonical Aiyagari economy exhibiting at least three steady states. Along the way, I provide new upper and lower bounds on the stationary capital supply for the case where the net return on saving is negative. I also give parameter restrictions that guarantee the existence of a steady...
We study robust mechanisms when the designer possesses a Bayesian belief over some components of agents' private information but faces ambiguity over others. The designer evaluates mechanisms by their worst-case performance over all joint distributions consistent with her belief over the Bayesian components. The framework encompasses...
When natural disasters strike, individuals, communities, and even entire countries can suffer. Researchers have studied the impacts of disasters on various factors of interest, from mental health, to poverty, to economic activity. However, the impact of disasters on the nonprofit sector is understudied despite the nonprofit sector's...
Cross-validation is a resampling procedure that provides a point estimate of generalization error for any predictive model. Cross-validation is widely used for model selection and evaluation. Uncertainty in the cross-validation estimate is challenging to quantify, and estimation of its variance is known to require multiple runs of the...
When a flexible prediction model is fitted on a training subsample drawn from a probability sample, the model-assisted estimator actually reported arises from one realized partition, yet existing theory quantifies uncertainty only for partition-averaged, cross-fitted, or symmetrized versions of it. We represent the training subsample...
Quantile treatment effects (QTEs) measure the effect of a treatment on the distribution of an outcome, and their estimation at extreme quantile levels is of central interest in applications where the target quantiles lie far beyond the range of the data. For heavy-tailed potential outcomes, existing extremal QTE estimators rely on...
Temporal integration gives continuous-time recurrent networks memory, but in deep stacks it also delays bottom-up signals and attenuates top-down errors. We develop Recursive Quadrature Filters (RQFs), biologically motivated complex-valued temporal filters that are a special case of diagonal state-space models (SSMs), and ask whether...
Here, we report high-order functional network connectivity as a promising way for studying the brain connectome. Traditional functional connectivity approaches capture only pairwise relationships between brain regions, overlooking complex multivariate dependencies that underlie cognition and behavior. First, we demonstrated that...
Whether the constant $$G=\sum_{k=0}^\infty\frac{(-1)^k}{(2k+1)^2}=\frac1{1^2}-\frac1{3^2}+\frac1{5^2}-\frac1{7^2}+\cdots$$ introduced by Catalan in the nineteen century is irrational, is a long-standing open problem. In this paper we prove the irrationality of $G$ via using suitable weights.
We study the job shop scheduling problem with a conflict graph (JSC), in which adjacent jobs in the conflict graph cannot be processed simultaneously on different machines, with the objective of minimizing the makespan. The problem models settings where jobs share additional resources while retaining their individual machine routings....
We study the properties of the $dd^Φ$-operator on $8$-dimensional Spin(7)-manifolds with torsion-free Spin(7)-structures $Φ$. These operators were first introduced by Harvey and Lawson (An introduction to potential theory in calibrated geometry. Am.J. Math. 131.4 (2009), arXiv:0710.3920). We prove a Hodge decomposition theorem for the...
In this paper, we address the subconvexity problem in level aspect for symmetric square $L$-functions for cuspidal automorphic representation of $\mathrm{GL}_2(\mathbb{Q})$ with a prescribed local ramification at prime $p$. To be more precise, let $π$ be a tempered cuspidal automorphic representation of conductor $q(π)=p^2$ with a...
We construct a nonempty $C^k$-open family, for some $k\in\mathbb{N}$, of smooth, autonomous, divergence-free velocity fields on $\mathbb{T}^3$ that generate fast dynamos. This resolves the Fast Dynamo Conjecture of Zeldovich and Sakharov, as recorded in Arnold's book of problems. We first construct a family of smooth, time-periodic...
We determine the growth scale of the optimal constants in the real anisotropic Bohnenblust--Hille inequality. For an exponent vector $\mathbf q^{(m)}$, write $C_{\mathbf q^{(m)}}^{(m)}$ for its optimal constant and $d_m$ for its diameter. These constants are superpolynomial precisely when $m d_m/\log m\to\infty$; throughout this...
This paper is the third and final article in a series of papers constructing the canonical conformally invariant metric on the set of loops of the conformal loop ensemble (CLE) with critical parameter $κ=4$. The previous two articles construct, as a subsequential limit of the renormalized graph metric on the loops of CLE$_κ$ as...
We continue our study of the conformal loop ensemble (CLE) with parameter $κ=4$, the critical threshold at or below which the loops are simple and disjoint, touching neither each other nor the domain boundary. This paper is the second in a series of three establishing that the loops of a CLE$_4$ uniquely determine a conformally...