arXiv preprints from January 1, 2026 through September 12, 2026 — 03:29:51 EST
Neutron-rich Si isotopes represent a unique case of shell evolution, exhibiting a robust shell closure at $N=20$ and pronounced quadrupole collectivity at $N = 28$. We report lifetime measurements of excited states in $^{40}$Si and the first simultaneous lifetime and heavy-ion inelastic-scattering measurements in $^{41}$Si. In...
Open-vocabulary 3D maps let robots answer language queries about what and where, but they assume a static world and cannot answer queries about how scene elements behave. We introduce Vision-Language-Motion Maps (VLMM), an open-vocabulary, natural-language-queryable 3D map in which each element carries a fused motion attribute: a...
The modern manufacturing industry is investing in new technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, cloud computing and cybersecurity to cope with system complexity, increase information visibility, improve production performance, and gain competitive advantages in the global market. These advances are rapidly...
We disprove the conjecture that every globally asymptotically stable homogeneous polynomial vector field admits a homogeneous polynomial Lyapunov function. The counterexample is a planar homogeneous cubic polynomial vector field with integer coefficients. It admits no positive definite homogeneous polynomial with nonpositive Lie...
The optical morphologies of low-mass galaxies can be used to directly trace their assembly and constrain models of galaxy evolution. We select a sample of 6211 low-mass ($7\lesssim {\rm log}(M_{\ast}/M_{\odot})\lesssim 10$) star-forming galaxies from the SAGAbg catalog that has high-completeness at low-redshifts ($z<0.1$). We obtain...
Muon is competitive with AdamW in large-scale pre-training, but its value for reinforcement-learning (RL) post-training remains unclear. We study vanilla Muon in sparse-reward agentic RL through matched single-seed comparisons with AdamW on ALFWorld using Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct. Under Group-in-Group Policy Optimization (GiGPO),...
Production LLM-agent frameworks ship control primitives -- human-in-the-loop approval gates, run cancellation, and execution timeouts -- whose names and documentation imply barrier semantics: while a run is paused, cancelled, or timed out, no gated side effect executes. This contract holds on none of six widely used open-source...
The analysis of satellite and aerial imagery has entered a new era with the advent of foundation models. This paper describes the concept of Geospatial Foundation Models (GeoFMs), which are artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) models pre-trained on massive geospatial datasets through varied methodologies. We first...
Unequal availability of human preference data across languages poses a significant challenge for aligning large language models in multilingual settings. To address the lack of sufficient data in low-resource language alignment, we propose a meta-learning framework for Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback and Direct Preference...
The covariant density functional theory in a three-dimensional lattice space is extended to the PCF-PK1 functional with localized exchange terms and is employed to study the nuclear shape evolution of even-even Ra isotopes. Well-developed axial octupole deformations are found for the ground states of $^{222-228}$Ra with no evidence of...
Long-term persona agents must remain identifiable while adapting to new events, relationships, evidence, and social conditions. We identify self-locking as a runtime failure mode in continuing persona-life loops: locally plausible events keep appearing while the generated life collapses toward familiar environments, weak...
In this paper, we establish an analogue of the Kővari-Sós-Turán Theorem for $\operatorname{GF}(q)$-representable matroids. For $2\leq s\leq t$, we show that if $M$ is a rank-$n$ simple $\operatorname{GF}(q)$-representable matroid having no $M(K_{s,t})$-restriction, then \[ |E(M)|=O_{q,s,t}\bigl(q^{(1-1/s)n}\bigr). \] In particular,...
An LLM-as-judge score can move even when the candidate responses stay fixed, simply because the evaluator has changed. We treat this evaluator-replacement ambiguity as a measurement-validity problem. Across four judgment datasets, we compare two upgrade paths available in practice: scaling Qwen3 dense judges from 1.7B to 32B...
This paper introduces Actor as Its Own Critic, a unified reinforcement learning framework, Cycle Group Relative Policy Optimization (CycleGRPO), that jointly optimizes region understanding and localization for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs). Unlike existing separate pipelines, we leverage the inherent duality between the two...
Few-shot spheroid segmentation must adapt to new cell lines, microscopes, and illumination conditions from only a small set of annotated images. While foundation few-shot segmenters can be accurate, their large opaque backbones make it difficult to understand which visual cues drive success or failure. We study this question with...
The minimum spanning tree (MST) problem is one of the most basic optimization problems on metric spaces and graphs. We study the problem of computing a $(1+ε)$-approximation to the MST of an $n$-point metric space $(X, \mathbf{d})$ of doubling dimension $\mathrm{ddim}$. In doubling metrics, previous deterministic algorithms incur a...
Inversion sets of permutations in the affine symmetric group $\widetilde{S}_n$ were studied extensively by Björner and Brenti. One of their methods for encoding an inversion set is through an affine inversion graph, which is a certain weighted graph on vertex set $[n]=\{1,2,\ldots,n\}$. Subsequent work by Papi characterized which...
A formula of the modal mu-calculus enjoys finite convergence on a structure if there is some finite unfolding of the formula that defines the same set. A structure enjoys finite convergence if all formulas of the mu-calculus enjoy finite convergence on said structure. It is known that there are words that are not ultimately periodic,...
We continue the study of $D(z)$-quadruples in the ring $\mathbb{Z}[\sqrt{-2}]$. Motivated by the earlier classification due to the authors and by the subsequent partial results for the remaining families, we consider the exceptional congruence classes arising in the forms $24a+5+(12b+6)\sqrt{-2}$, $24a+2+(12b+6)\sqrt{-2}$, and...
Central to machine learning and signal processing is the ability to perform universal function approximation and learn complex input-output relationships from limited numbers of observations. Multivariate polynomial models offer a natural way to express such relationships through multiplicative feature interactions, but their...
The Hubble tension has reached a nominal significance above $7σ$, while new high-precision measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) sharpen the test of proposed solutions. Using a common framework, we compare fourteen representative alternatives to the standard $Λ$ Cold Dark Matter...
The integration of power converters is profoundly changing the power system dynamics and poses significant challenges for stability analysis. The dynamic interactions between the power grid and the heterogeneous converters are highly complex and difficult to analyze due to the curse of dimensionality. Moreover, system stability varies...
Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs) have emerged as a promising paradigm for quantum machine learning in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era, leveraging quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to process information in exponentially large Hilbert spaces. However, QNNs inherit critical security vulnerabilities...
Product data scientists often ask LLM-based agents to help with recurring execution tasks such as cleaning data, writing SQL, choosing statistical tests, and formatting results. Reusable skill files are meant to avoid prompting from scratch by packaging guidance for a task family. Expert-written skills can encode high-quality...
Reconstructing the location and shape of an unknown impenetrable scatterer from far-field measurements is a fundamental inverse problem in elastic scattering. In this paper, we propose monotonicity-based shape characterization theorems and develop corresponding algorithms for rigid and traction-free impenetrable scatterers. By...