arXiv preprints from January 1, 2026 through September 19, 2026 — 08:24:29 EST
We made a detailed review of the difference measures which have been used to judge the differences between experimentally determined color differences and theoretically defined ones, so-called line elements, for the human visual system. To eliminate the statistical errors due to variable and usually arbitrary sampling of the...
Current Vision-Language Models (VLMs) fail at quantitative spatial reasoning because their architectures destroy pixel-level information required for counting and measurements. Vision encoders compress images through patch embeddings, reducing spatial indexing and losing the precise pixel-level tracking required for accurate counting....
Image smoothing is a fundamental image processing operation that preserves the underlying structure, such as strong edges and contours, and removes minor details and textures in an image. Many image smoothing algorithms rely on computing local window statistics or solving an optimization problem. Recent state-of-the-art methods...
Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) is becoming essential for securing Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial IoT (IIoT) systems against quantum-enabled adversaries. However, existing evaluation approaches primarily focus on isolated performance metrics, offering limited support for holistic security and deployment decisions. This paper...
LLMs demonstrate strong performance on code benchmarks, yet consistent reasoning across forward and backward execution remains elusive. We present RoundTripCodeEval (RTCE), a benchmark of four code execution reasoning tasks that evaluates round-trip consistency through execution-free, exact-match assessment of bijection fidelity...
We study a family of lattice-gas systems defined on semiregular grids, obtained by projecting the vertices of three different geodesic icosahedra onto a spherical surface. By using couplings up to third neighbors we explore various interaction patterns, ranging from core-corona repulsion to square-well attraction and short-range...
This paper addresses a long-standing gap in natural hazard modeling by unifying physics-based fragility functions with real-time post-disaster observations. It introduces a Bayesian framework that continuously refines regional vulnerability estimates as new data emerges. The framework reformulates physics-informed fragility estimates...
The adjoint method is an efficient way to numerically compute gradients in optimization problems with constraints, but is only formulated to differentiable cost and constraint functions on real variables. With the introduction of complex variables, which occur often in many inverse problems in electromagnetism and signal processing...
Species augmentation is one of the methods used to promote biodiversity and prevent endangered species loss and extinction. The current work applies discrete-time optimal control theory to two models of species augmentation for predator-prey relationships. In discrete-time models, the order in which events occur can give different...
Four-dimensional (4D) Flow MRI can noninvasively measure cerebrovascular hemodynamics but remains underused clinically because current workflows rely on manual vessel segmentation and yield velocity fields sensitive to noise, artifacts, and phase aliasing. We present VAST (Vascular Flow Analysis and Segmentation), an automated,...
Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance on formal language tasks, yet whether this reflects genuine symbolic reasoning or pattern matching on familiar constructions remains unclear. We introduce a benchmark for deterministic finite automata (DFA) construction from regular languages, comprising factual...
Identifying the mechanisms responsible for angular momentum transport in protoplanetary disks, and the extent to which those mechanisms produce turbulence, is a crucial problem in understanding planet formation. The bulk of the gas in protoplanetary disks is weakly ionized, which leads to the emergence of three non-ideal effects,...
We prove that the coefficient of the star $\mathfrak{st}_{21^{n-2}}$ in the chromatic symmetric function $X_G$ determines whether a connected graph $G$ is $2$-connected. We also prove new linear relations on other star coefficients of chromatic symmetric functions. This allows us to find new bases for certain spans of chromatic...
Eco-driving strategies have demonstrated substantial potential for improving energy efficiency and reducing emissions, especially at signalized intersections. However, evaluations of eco-driving methods typically rely on simplified simulation or experimental conditions, where certain assumptions are made to manage complexity and...
Social determinants of health (SDOH) play a critical role in Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) management but are often absent from electronic health records and risk prediction models. Most individual-level SDOH data is collected through structured screening tools, which lack the flexibility to capture the complexity of patient experiences and...
Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly rely on long-form, multi-step reasoning to solve complex tasks such as mathematical problem solving and scientific question answering. Despite strong performance, existing confidence estimation methods typically reduce an entire reasoning process to a single scalar score, ignoring how...
In this paper, we present a Transformer-based architecture for 3D radar object detection that uses a novel Transformer Decoder as the prediction head to directly regress 3D bounding boxes and class scores from radar feature representations. To bridge multi-scale radar features and the decoder, we propose Pyramid Token Fusion (PTF), a...
There is an urgent need for triage and classification of high-volume medical imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT), which can improve patient care and mitigate radiologist burnout. Study-level CT triage requires calibrated predictions with localized evidence; however, off-the-shelf Vision Language Models (VLM) struggle...
The dominant Fill-in-the-Middle (FIM) paradigm for code completion is constrained by its rigid inability to correct contextual errors and reliance on unaligned, insecure Base models. While Chat LLMs offer safety and Agentic workflows provide flexibility, they suffer from performance degradation and prohibitive latency, respectively....
The emergence of LLMs has catalyzed a paradigm shift in autonomous agent development, enabling systems capable of reasoning, planning, and executing complex multi-step tasks. However, existing agent frameworks often suffer from architectural rigidity, vendor lock-in, and prohibitive complexity that impedes rapid prototyping and...
We present a study of the gas kinematics within the Hestia project, a state-of-the-art set of simulations of the Local Group, with a particular focus on the velocity patterns of different ions and the large-scale motion of gas and galaxies towards the Local Group barycentre. Using two high-resolution Hestia runs, we examine the...
Weighted graph states extend standard graph states by associating phases with entangling edges, and may serve as resources for measurement-based quantum computation (MBQC). We analyze how the two main fusion operations, Type-I and Type-II, act on weighted graph states. Type-I fusion operates identically to the unweighted case, merging...
Learning in data-scarce settings has recently gained significant attention in the research community. Semi-supervised object detection(SSOD) aims to improve detection performance by leveraging a large number of unlabeled images alongside a limited number of labeled images(a.k.a.,few-shot learning). In this paper, we present a...
We study how radiologists use AI to diagnose pulmonary embolism (PE), tracking over 100,000 scans interpreted by nearly 400 radiologists during the staggered rollout of a real-world FDA-approved diagnostic platform in a hospital system. When AI flags PE, radiologists agree 84% of the time; when AI predicts no PE, they agree 97%....
Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are point-like sources that exhibit apparent X-ray luminosities exceeding the Eddington limit for stellar-mass compact objects. A widely accepted interpretation is that these systems are X-ray binaries accreting matter possibly at super-Eddington rates. In this regime, photon trapping inflates the...