arXiv preprints from January 1, 2026 through September 22, 2026 — 02:10:23 EST
Little Red Dots (LRDs) are enigmatic, compact, red galaxies at high redshift, $z\sim 4$-$7$, discovered by the James Webb Space Telescope. Broad emission lines in the absence of X-ray and radio counterparts suggest that they host accreting supermassive black holes embedded in dense gaseous envelopes. This black-hole-envelope...
We present a mathematical and philosophical framework in which brain function is modeled using sheaf theory over neural state spaces. Local neural or cognitive functions are represented as sections of a sheaf, while global coherence corresponds to the existence of global sections. Brain pathologies are interpreted as obstructions to...
The past few years have witnessed an increasing use of machine learning (ML) systems in science. Paul Humphreys has argued that, because of specific characteristics of ML systems, human scientists are pushed out of the loop of science. In this chapter, I investigate to what extent this is true. First, I express these concerns in terms...
Financial time series exhibit multiscale behavior, with interaction between multiple processes operating on different timescales. This paper introduces a method for separating these processes using variance and tail stationarity criteria, framed as generalized eigenvalue problems. The approach allows for the identification of slow and...
Although post-training quantization (PTQ) provides an efficient numerical compression scheme for deploying large language models (LLMs) on resource-constrained devices, the representativeness and universality of calibration data remain a core bottleneck in determining the accuracy of quantization parameters. Traditional PTQ methods...
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has attracted significant attention due to its ability to combine the generative capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) with knowledge obtained through efficient retrieval mechanisms over large-scale data collections. Currently, the majority of existing approaches overlook the risks...
Decentralized Federated Learning (DFL) is a serverless collaborative machine learning paradigm where devices collaborate directly with neighbouring devices to exchange model information for learning a generalized model. However, variations in individual experiences and different levels of device interactions lead to data and model...
Impact ionization probabilities were calculated in a CdHgTe quantum well, where the distance between electron subbands is close to the band gap energy. This band structure enables impact ionization with small momentum transfer for electrons in the second subband. The study demonstrates that such processes increase the impact...
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In this paper we derive, by two$-$scale convergence, periodically wrinked shell models starting from three dimensional linear elasticity, depending of the behaviour of the small parameter $\varepsilon>0$ and $p>1$, differents theories appear. We assume that the mid-surface of the shell is given by $\displaystyle...
The Future Circular Collider (FCC) stands at the forefront of the European Strategy for Particle Physics as the future flagship project at CERN. The H$\toττ$ decay, featuring a large branching ratio, clean identification in the FCC-ee environment, and the possibility to reconstruct polarization information, is an excellent channel to...
In this report we evaluate the effect in the enzyme activity of Glucose 6-phosphate Dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides by irradiation with 2.45 GHz radiofrequency at a power output of 0.1 W during a 91 h period. The results show that the RF irradiation preserves the activity of treated samples of this enzyme with respect to...
Copper halides Cs3Cu2X5 (X=Cl, Br, I) are promising materials for optoelectronic applications due to their high photoluminescence efficiency, stability, and large Stokes shifts. In this work, we uncover the chemical bonding origin of the Stokes shift in these materials using density functional theory calculations. Upon excitation, one...
Central flashes occur during stellar occultations by solar system objects. We catalog diffraction effects on the flash with point-like stars, monochromatic waves and spherical transparent atmosphere. Diffraction involves the Huygens principle, the Sommerfeld lemma and the stationary phase method, while finite stellar diameter cases...
General-purpose Large Language Models (LLMs) show significant potential in recruitment applications, where decisions require reasoning over unstructured text, balancing multiple criteria, and inferring fit and competence from indirect productivity signals. Yet, it is still uncertain how LLMs assign importance to each attribute and...
We develop a compact transmon emitter/detector (TED) superconducting circuit and demonstrate its dual functionality as a single-photon source and detector. In our setup, photons emitted by a source TED are transmitted via a meter-long coaxial cable, routed through a circulator, and captured by a measurement TED. Both TED modules...
We present a differential geometric framework for the motion of a non-Brownian particle in the presence of fixed obstacles in a quiescent fluid, in the deterministic Stokesian regime. While the Helmholtz Minimum Dissipation Theorem suggests that the hydrodynamic resistance tensor $R_{ij}$ acts as the natural Riemannian metric of the...
Glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype (GBM-IDHwt) is the most common malignant brain tumor. While histomorphology is a crucial component of GBM-IDHwt diagnosis, it is not further considered for prognosis. Here, we present an explainable artificial intelligence (AI) framework to identify and interpret histomorphological features associated with...
Enrico Bombieri showed conditionally (1994) that the ABC conjecture implies Roth's theorem, and Van Frankenhuysen (1999) later provided a complete proof. Building on Bombieri's and Van der Poorten's explicit formula for continued-fraction coefficients of algebraic numbers (specialized to cubic roots) we derive an effective bound for a...
Three traits of decentralized finance are studied. First, the market impact function is derived for optimal-growth liquidity providers. For a standard random walk, the classic square-root impact is recovered. An extension is then derived to fit general fractional Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes. These findings break with the linearized...
Scientific writing is an expert-domain task that demands deep domain knowledge, task-specific requirements and reasoning capabilities that leverage the domain knowledge to satisfy the task specifications. While scientific text generation has been widely studied, its evaluation remains a challenging and open problem. It is critical to...
Binary linear block codes (BLBCs) form the foundation of modern communication systems, yet no single code family simultaneously optimizes all performance aspects. This leads to the widely used multi-code architecture in the standard, significantly increasing the hardware complexity since multiple decoders are required in each piece of...
Ensuring fairness while limiting costs, such as transportation or storage, is an important challenge in resource allocation, yet most work has focused on cost minimization without fairness or fairness without explicit cost considerations. We introduce and formally define the minCost-EFx Allocation problem, where the objective is to...
Ultrafast optical excitation of metals induces a non-equilibrium energy distribution in the electronic system, with a characteristic step-structure determined by Pauli blocking. On a femtosecond timescale, electron-electron scattering drives the electrons towards a hot Fermi distribution. In this work, we present a derivation of the...
We show that the combinatorial Lefschetz number is a topological invariant. This is an important result in itself; in order to point it out, we will also work here several relevant consequences in different directions. The first of them is a significant simplification of the computations involved in obtaining the Lefschetz number of...