arXiv preprints from January 1, 2026 through September 23, 2026 — 20:46:14 EST
The solar neighbourhood is populated by nearby, young moving groups (NYMGs) of stars that are candidates to be remnants of individual stellar clusters and associations, currently dispersing in the galactic disc. To derive the initial mass function (IMF) of a large sample of NYMGs, we developed and applied an algorithm that uses...
IVF is one of the most widely used ANNS (Approximate Nearest Neighbors Search) methods in vector databases. The idea of redundant assignment is to assign a data vector to more than one IVF lists for reducing the chance of missing true neighbors in IVF search. However, the naive strategy, which selects the second IVF list based on the...
Policy optimization for large language models often suffers from sparse reward signals in multi-step reasoning tasks. Critic-free methods like GRPO assign a single normalized outcome reward to all tokens, providing limited guidance for intermediate reasoning . While Process Reward Models (PRMs) offer dense feedback, they risk...
Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are central to human-computer interaction, yet automating complex GUI tasks remains a major challenge for autonomous agents, largely due to a lack of scalable, high-quality training data. While recordings of human demonstrations offer a rich data source, they are typically long, unstructured, and lack...
Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance by generating long chains of thought, but longer traces always introduce redundant or ineffective reasoning steps. One typical behavior is that they often perform unnecessary verification and revisions even if they have reached the correct answers. This limitation stems from the...
We propose the gravitational analog of the chiroptical effect for the first time, demonstrating that gravitational waves (GWs) can induce a reversal of photon chirality through the exchange of angular momentum, namely the spin-2-gravitation chiroptical effect. By analyzing the interaction between photon spin angular momentum (SAM) and...
Multimodal fake news detection is crucial for mitigating adversarial misinformation. Existing methods, relying on static fusion or LLMs, face computational redundancy and hallucination risks due to weak visual foundations. To address this, we propose DIVER (Dynamic Iterative Visual Evidence Reasoning), a framework grounded in a...
Federated learning (FL) addresses privacy and data-silo issues in the training of large language models (LLMs). Most prior work focuses on improving the efficiency of federated learning for LLMs (FedLLM). However, security in open federated environments, particularly defenses against malicious clients, remains underexplored. To...
For the $1+1$ dimensional nonlinear damped stochastic Klein-Gordon equation driven by space-time white noise, we prove that the second-order increments of the solution can be approximated, after scaling with the diffusion coefficient, by those of the corresponding linearized stochastic Klein-Gordon equation. This extends the result of...
We study equivariant perfect matchings on the Boolean hypercube $\B^6$ under the Klein four-group $K_4 = \langle \comp, \rev \rangle$ generated by bitwise complement and reversal. Among matchings using only $\comp$ or $\rev$ pairings, there is a unique Hamming-cost minimizer, given by a simple ``reverse-priority rule'': pair each...
A marker-and-cell finite difference method is developed for solving the two dimensional and three dimensional linear elasticity in the displacement-stress formulation on staggered grids. The method employs a staggered grid arrangement, where the displacement components are approximated on the midpoints of cell edges, the normal...
Magnetars are the most strongly magnetized compact objects known in the Universe and are regarded as one of the primary engines powering a variety of enigmatic, high-energy transients. However, our understanding of magnetars remains highly limited, constrained by observational sample size and radiative variability. XTE~J1810$-$197,...
The hardware-friendly implementation of transcendental functions remains a longstanding challenge in design automation. These functions, which cannot be expressed as finite combinations of algebraic operations, pose significant complexity in digital circuit design. This study introduces a novel approach, TranSC, that utilizes...
Let $D$ be a totally definite quaternion algebra over a totally real number field $F$, and $\mathcal{O}$ be an $O_F$-order (of full rank) in $D$. The type number $t(\mathcal{O})$ is an important arithmetic invariant of $\mathcal{O}$ that counts the number of isomorphism classes of orders belonging to the same genus as $\mathcal{O}$...
Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding, yet they remain constrained by the finite capacity of their context windows and the inherent difficulty of maintaining long-term factual consistency during multi-hop reasoning. While existing methods utilize context compression or...
We present a radio analysis of the recently identified supernova remnant G321.3-3.9 using archival multi-wavelength data spanning 88-2304 MHz. The source exhibits an elliptical shell-like morphology (1.3 deg x 1.7 deg) and a relatively flat non-thermal spectral index of alpha = -0.40 +/- 0.03. The distance is estimated using both the...
The Fortuin-Kasteleyn-Ginibre (FKG) inequality is an invaluable tool in monotone spin systems satisfying the FKG lattice condition, which provides positive correlations for all coordinate-wise increasing functions of spins. This inequality has numerous applications and plays an integral role in the proof of various central limit...
We provide a discussion of Jordan decompositions in the Lie algebra, and the dual Lie algebra, of a reductive group in as uniform a way as possible. We give a counterexample to the claim that Jordan decompositions on the dual Lie algebra are unique, and state an upper bound on how non-unique they can be. We also prove some...
Pattern discharge is a common mode in dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and has broad application prospects in various industrial fields, such as material surface treatment, environmental monitoring, and biomedical applications. In this work, a mixed gas of 75% argon and 25% air is used to generate a pattern discharge. A double-gap...
Following a recent demonstration of stable trapping of floating particles by stationary (monochromatic) structured water waves [Nature 638, 394 (2025)], we report dynamic water-wave tweezers that enable controllable transport of trapped particles along arbitrary trajectories on the water surface. We employ a triangular lattice formed...
On the basis of allowed local gauge symmetries, the QCD Lagrangian admits a CP-violating term proportional to the topological charge density, commonly referred to as the $θ$ term. A priori, any value of $θ$ is consistent with the local symmetries of the theory, while current experimental limits constrain $θ\lesssim 10^{-10}$. The...
As an important paradigm for enhancing the generation quality of Large Language Models (LLMs), retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) faces the two challenges regarding retrieval accuracy and computational efficiency. This paper presents a novel RAG framework called Bridge-RAG. To overcome the accuracy challenge, we introduce the...
Offline meta-reinforcement learning (OMRL) combines the strengths of learning from diverse datasets in offline RL with the adaptability to new tasks of meta-RL, promising safe and efficient knowledge acquisition by RL agents. However, OMRL still suffers extrapolation errors due to out-of-distribution (OOD) actions, compromised by...
Reliable learning of multimodal data (e.g., multi-omics) is a widely concerning issue, especially in safety-critical applications such as medical diagnosis. However, low-quality data induced by multimodal noise poses a major challenge in this domain, causing existing methods to suffer from two key limitations. First, they struggle to...
The cycling of carbon between its ionized, atomic, and molecular phases shapes the chemical compositions and physical conditions of the interstellar medium (ISM). However, ground-based studies of the full carbon cycle have been limited by atmospheric absorption. Dome~A, the most promising site for submillimeter astronomy, has long...