arXiv preprints from January 1, 2026 through September 5, 2026 — 17:56:10 EST
Gaussian Random Fields (GRFs) with Matérn covariance functions have emerged as a powerful framework for modeling spatial processes due to their flexibility in capturing different features of the spatial field. However, the smoothness parameter is challenging to estimate using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), which involves...
We study nonasymptotic (finite-sample) confidence intervals for treatment effects in randomized experiments. In the existing literature, the effective sample sizes of nonasymptotic confidence intervals tend to be looser than the corresponding central-limit-theorem-based confidence intervals by a factor depending on the square root of...
Explicit modelling of between-study heterogeneity is essential in network meta-analysis (NMA) to ensure valid inference and avoid overstating precision. While the additive random-effects (RE) model is the conventional approach, the multiplicative-effect (ME) model remains underexplored. The ME model inflates within-study variances by...
Global sensitivity analysis of complex numerical simulators is often limited by the small number of model evaluations that can be afforded. In such settings, surrogate models built from a limited set of simulations can substantially reduce the computational burden, provided that the design of computer experiments is enriched...
Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is an important prognostic marker for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), but the true effect of LVI on survival may be distorted by endogeneity arising from unmeasured confounding. Conventional one-stage conditional models and instrument-based two-stage estimators are prone to bias under...
This paper presents the exact mathematical derivation of the mean and variance properties for the Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) statistic applied to binomial proportion monitoring in Multiple Stream Processes (MSPs). We develop a Cumulative Standardized Binomial EWMA (CSB-EWMA) formulation that provides adaptive control...
Multivariate linear regression models often face the problem of heteroscedasticity caused by multiple explanatory variables. The weighted least squares estimation with univariate-dependent weights has limitations in constructing weight functions. Therefore, this paper proposes a multivariate dependent weighted least squares estimation...
In many systems, the true data-generating process is unknown, requiring forecasters to rely on observed time series. This study proposes a pre-modeling diagnostic framework for horizon-specific forecastability assessment that evaluates forecastability before model selection begins. Forecastability is operationalized using auto-mutual...
A comprehensive asymptotic and bootstrap theory is established for checkerboard-based estimation of the copula and its lower and upper tail copula counterparts under unknown marginal distributions. The proposed estimator of the tail copula extends a local bilinear interpolation of the empirical copula to the tail region, providing a...
Dimension reduction is a fundamental tool for analyzing high-dimensional data in supervised learning. Traditional methods for estimating intrinsic order often prioritize model-specific structural assumptions over predictive utility. This paper introduces predictive order determination (POD), a model-agnostic framework that determines...
This study develops an integrated, intersectional climate vulnerability assessment for Greensboro, North Carolina, a midsize city in the rapidly changing American Southeast. Moving beyond generalized mapping, we combine demographic, socioeconomic, health, and environmental data at the census tract level to identify neighborhoods where...
Lineage marker population frequencies can serve as one way to express evidential value in forensic genetics. However, for high-quality whole mitochondrial DNA genome sequences (mitogenomes), population data remain limited. In this paper, we offer a new method, MitoFREQ, for estimating the population frequencies of mitogenomes....
Background: The negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and well-being of populations are an important public health issue. Our study aims to determine the underlying factors shaping mental health trajectories during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. Methods: Data from the Understanding Society COVID-19 Study...
We introduce a unified and computationally efficient framework for regression on network data, addressing limitations of existing models that require specialized estimation procedures or impose restrictive decay assumptions. Our Network Propagation Regression (NPR) models outcomes as functions of covariates propagated through network...
Directed acyclic graphical (DAG) models are a powerful tool for representing causal relationships among jointly distributed random variables, especially concerning data from across different experimental settings. However, it is not always practical or desirable to estimate a causal model at the granularity of given features in a...
With grid operators confronting rising uncertainty from renewable integration and a broader push toward electrification, Demand-Side Management (DSM) -- particularly Demand Response (DR) -- has attracted significant attention as a cost-effective mechanism for balancing modern electricity systems. Unprecedented volumes of consumption...
In this paper, we study four mesh denoising methods: linear filtering, a heat diffusion method, Sobolev regularization, and, to a lesser extent, a barycentric approach based on the Sinkhorn algorithm. We illustrate that, for a simple image denoising task, a naive choice of a Gibbs kernel can lead to unsatisfactory results. We...
Adjusted similarity measures, such as Cohen's kappa for inter-rater reliability and the adjusted Rand index used to compare clustering algorithms, are a vital tool for comparing discrete labellings. These measures are intended to have the property of 0 expectation under a null distribution and maximum value 1 under maximal similarity...
Classification imbalance arises when one class is much rarer than the other. We frame this setting as transfer learning under label (prior) shift between an imbalanced source distribution induced by the observed data and a balanced target distribution under which performance is evaluated. Within this framework, we study a family of...
We study potential presence of statistical-computational gaps (SCG) in symmetric binary perceptrons (SBP) via a parametric utilization of \emph{fully lifted random duality theory} (fl-RDT) [96]. A structural change from decreasingly to arbitrarily ordered $c$-sequence (a key fl-RDT parametric component) is observed on the second...
We propose a unified framework for fair regression tasks formulated as risk minimization problems subject to a demographic parity constraint. Unlike many existing approaches that are limited to specific loss functions or rely on challenging non-convex optimization, our framework is applicable to a broad spectrum of regression tasks....
This study examines the application of Bayesian approach in the context of clinical trials, emphasizing their increasing importance in contemporary biomedical research. While conventional frequentist approach provides a foundational basis for analysis, it often lacks the flexibility to integrate prior knowledge, which can constrain...
Group sequential designs (GSDs) are widely used in confirmatory trials to allow interim monitoring while preserving control of the type I error rate. In the frequentist framework, O'Brien-Fleming-type stopping boundaries dominate practice because they impose highly conservative early stopping while allowing more liberal decisions as...
In causal machine learning, the fitting and evaluation of nuisance models are often performed on separate partitions, or folds, of the observed data. This technique, called cross-fitting, eliminates bias introduced by the use of black-box predictive algorithms. When study units may be correlated, such as in spatial, clustered, or...
Differential abundance (DA) analysis in microbiome studies has recently been used to uncover a plethora of associations between microbial composition and various health conditions. While current approaches to DA typically apply only to cross-sectional data, many studies feature a longitudinal design to better understand the underlying...